The results demonstrated that synthesized Ub‑HBcAg‑CTP not only significantly increased the levels of interleukin‑2 and interferon (IFN)‑γ compared with those in the HBcAg‑CTP, IFN‑α, Ub‑HBcAg, HBcAg and phosphate‑buffered saline groups, but additionally induced the highest IFN‑γ+ CD8+ T‑cell numbers and HBV‑specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, indicating a strong immune response. HBV transgenic mice were used to determine whether Ub‑HBcAg‑CTP would restore HBV‑specific immune responses and anti‑viral immunity in these animals. Thus, the Ub‑HBV core antigen (HBcAg)‑cytoplasmic transduction peptide (CTP) fusion protein was designed for specific delivery of a foreign modified antigen to the cytoplasm of antigen‑presenting cells. The rapid degradation of Ub‑mediated antigens results in efficient stimulation of cell‑mediated immune responses. Ubiquitin (Ub), a highly conserved small regulatory protein, commonly serves as a signal for target proteins that are recognized and degraded in proteasomes.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is characterized by functionally impaired type 1 T-helper cell (Thl) immunity and poor HBV‑specific T‑cell responses.

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